Please read T&S chapter 21.
Study questions:
1. What were some characteristics that differentiated American cities of the late 19th century from those of the earlier 19th century?
2. How did the places we came to call “downtown” develop?
3. How did mass transit develop in the 1870s-1900s? What were some of the pros and cons of the various types of mass transit?
4. What were some examples of “elite” and “mass” culture found in cities?
5. How did city leaders seek to ameliorate urban problems associated with rapid urban growth?
6. What differentiated the “new immigrants” from earlier ones?
7. What were the most important “push” and “pull” factors that influenced people to immigrate?
8. What conditions marked the places to which immigrants went in American cities?
9. What concerns motivated anti-immigrant attitudes?
10. How did the movement for immigration restriction evolve from 1882 to 1924? (Note: We did not develop this point sufficiently, so any appearance of this topic would be deferred to the second exam. My plan is to revisit and expand on this topic in the context of the aftermath of World War I, when the anti-immigration furor reached a crescendo.)
In addition to your assigned textbook reading, please view the following interactive map of U.S. immigration from 1880 to 2000 at http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/03/10/us/20090310-immigration-explorer.html. Pay particular attention to the rise and fall of immigration for various nationalities in Cleveland and compare to other cities.
